| Poznański Czerwiec 56 (Poznań June '56) | |||||||
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| Part of the Cold War | |||||||
"We demand bread!" |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Anti-communist civilian protesters | Communist LWP, KBW, and UB | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Unknown | Stanisław Popławski | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 100,000 protesters, less than 200 armed fighters[1] |
10,000 men, 390 tanks, [1] |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 57[2]–over a hundred[2] killed, 600 wounded[2] |
8 killed,[3] Several wounded |
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The Poznań 1956 protests, also known as Poznań 1956 uprising or Poznań June (Polish: Poznański Czerwiec), were the first of several massive protests of the Polish people against the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland. Demonstrations by workers demanding better conditions began on June 28, 1956, at Poznań's Cegielski Factories and were met with violent repression.
A crowd of approximately 100,000 gathered in the city center near the UB secret police building. About 400 tanks and 10,000 soldiers of Ludowe Wojsko Polskie and the Internal Security Corps under Polish-Soviet general Stanislav Poplavsky were ordered to suppress the demonstration and during the pacification fired at the protesting civilians.
The death toll was placed between 57[3] and over a hundred people,[2] including a 13-year-old boy, Romek Strzałkowski. Hundreds of people sustained injuries. Nonetheless the Poznań protests were an important milestone on the way to the installation of a less Soviet-controlled government in Poland in October.
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After Joseph Stalin's death, the process of destalinization prompted debates about fundamental issues throughout the entire Eastern Bloc. Nikita Khrushchev's speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences had wide implications outside the Soviet Union and in other communist countries. In Poland, in addition to the criticism of the cult of personality, popular topics of debate centered around the right to steer a more independent course of 'local, national socialism' instead of following the Soviet model down to every little detail; such views were seen in discussion and critique by many Polish United Workers' Party members of Stalin's execution of older Polish communists from Communist Party of Poland during the Great Purge.[4]
Anti-communist resistance in Poland was also bolstered, and a group of opposition leaders and cultural figures founded the Klub Krzywego Koła (Club of the Skewed Wheel Street) in Warsaw. It promoted discussions about Polish independence, questioned the efficiency of the state controlled economy, and government disdain and even persecution of the Polish Armed Forces in the West and Armia Krajowa actions during the Second World War. While the intelligentsia expressed their dissatisfaction with discussions and publications (bibuła), workers took to the streets. The living conditions in Poland did not improve, contrary to government propaganda, and workers increasingly found that they had little power compared to bureaucracy of the Party (Nomenklatura).[4]
The city of Poznań was one of the largest urban and industrial centers of the People's Republic of Poland. Tensions were growing there, particularly since autumn of 1955. Workers in the largest factory in the city, Joseph Stalin's (or 'Cegielski's) Metal Industries, were complaining about higher taxes for most productive workers ('udarnik's), which affected several thousands of workers. Local directors were unable to make any significant decisions due to micromanagement by the higher officials; over several months, petitions, letters and delegations were sent to the Polish Ministry of Machine Industry and Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party, to no avail.[4]
Finally, a delegation of about 27 workers was sent to Warsaw around June 23. On the night of June 26, the delegation returned to Poznań, confident that some of their demands had been considered in a favourable light. The Minister of Machine Industry met with the workers next morning and withdrew several promises that their delegation was given in Warsaw.[4]
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Revolts and opposition
The Goryani Movement · Romanian resistance · Uprising in Plzeň (1953) · Uprising of 1953 in East Germany · 1956 Georgian demonstrations · Poznań 1956 protests · Hungarian Revolution of 1956 · Novocherkassk massacre · Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia · 1968 Red Square demonstration · Solidarity, Soviet reaction and Martial law · Reagan Doctrine · Jeltoqsan · Braşov Rebellion · April 9 tragedy · Romanian Revolution of 1989 · Black January
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Cold War events
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A spontaneous strike started at 6:00 am at the multifactory complex of Joseph Stalin's (or 'Cegielski's) Metal Industries. Around 80% of its workers, most of whom had lost bonus pay in June as the government suddenly raised the required work quota, took to the streets demanding pay compensation and some freedom concessions, marching towards the city centre. Workers at other plants, institutions and students joined the procession.[5]
Between 9:00 am and 11:00 am, about 100,000 people gathered on the Adam Mickiewicz Square in front of the Imperial Castle in Poznań, surrounded by buildings occupied by the city and party authorities and police headquarters. The demonstrators demanded lower food prices, wage increases and the revocation of some recent changes in the law that had eroded workers' conditions. They further requested a visit from Polish Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz, as the local government declared that they had no authority to solve the problems. Some police officers also joined the crowd.[5]
After 10:00 am the situation rapidly deteriorated when provocateurs came into action, claiming that members of the negotiating delegation had been arrested. However the local units of Milicja Obywatelska were unable to contain the crowd and the situation turned into a violent uprising as the crowds stormed the prison at Młyńska Street, where some protesters believed the members of the delegation to have been imprisoned; hundreds of prisoners were released around 10:50 am. At 11:30 am, the arms depot at the prison building was seized and the firearms were distributed among the demonstrators.[5]
The crowd ransacked the Communist Party Headquarters and then at around 11:00 am attacked the Security Office of Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (Polish Secret Police) on Kochanowskiego Street, but were repulsed when the first shots were fired from its windows into the crowd. From then until 6:00 pm, they seized or besieged many government buildings and institutions in and around Poznań, including the District Courthouse and the Prosecutor's Office, Social Insurance Institution at Dąbrowskiego Street, Civic Police stations in Junikowo, Wilda, Swarzędz, Puszczykowo and Mosina. The Prisoners' Camp in Mrowino and the Military School at the Poznań University of Technology were seized and weapons were taken. The police documents at local police station, procurature and court were destroyed.[5]
In the meantime, at about 11:00 am, 16 tanks, 2 armored personnel carriers and 30 cars had been sent from the Officer School of Armored and Mechanized Formations, a Poznań garrison, to protect the designated buildings, but no shots were exchanged between them and the insurgents. These soldiers engaged in friendly conversation with the protesters; some reports state that two tanks were seized and some troops disarmed.[6] Then the Soviet General Konstantin Rokossovsky, the Minister of National Defense, who was then in command of all armed forces in Poland, decided to take personal control, and the situation changed dramatically.[7][8][6][1]
Rokossovsky sent his deputy, the Polish-Soviet general Stanislav Poplavsky and a group of lower Soviet officers, with orders to put down the protest in a manner consistent with Russian standards, intending to end the demonstrations as soon as possible to prevent an occurrence similar to the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany, when a similar protest, not quelled in time, spread to many other regions. The Russian officers arrived at 2:00 pm at Ławica Airport and took command. Poplavsky did not bother to use local regulars from Poznań garrisons, instead taking other troops from Silesian Military District and recalling special troops from the Biedrusko military base north of Poznań. The troops were told that the protesters were led and organized by "German provocateurs" who were attempting to darken Poland's image during the ongoing Poznań International Fair.[7][8][6][1]
Between 4:00 pm and 5:00 am the following day, the Polish 10th Armored Division, Polish 19th Armored Division, Polish 4th Infantry Division and Polish 5th Infantry Division, totaling about 10,300 troops and the Internal Security Corps under the command of Poplavsky entered Poznań. A two hour long procession of tanks, armored cars, field guns, and lorries full of troops went through the city and surrounded it. At 9:00 pm a wave of detentions began. The detainees were taken to Ławica airport, where they were subjected to brutal interrogation; 746 persons were detained until August 8. The protests continued until June 30, when the troops finally pacified the city, after exchanging fire with some violent demonstrators. At 7:30 am on June 29 the Prime Minister arrived and infamously declared on the local radio station that "any provocateur or lunatic who raises his hand against the people's government may be sure that this hand will be chopped off."[5][9]
The number of casualties is currently a subject of academic dispute. The historian Łukasz Jastrząb from the IPN Institute estimates it to be 57 dead and about 600 wounded (including eight on the side of the government), noting that larger estimates, such as that by another IPN scholar, Stanisław Jankowiak, who places the figure at slightly over 100, are not fully supported by available data.[2] Estimates of a similar range, such as the "over 70 deaths", can be found in media reports.[10]
About 250 people were arrested in the first few days, including 196 workers;[3] several hundred others were arrested in the following weeks.[5] Stanisław Hejmowski, the lawyer who defended them, was later repressed for his statement that the government's actions had led to the death of innocent civilians. The government failed in its attempts to coerce the detainees into stating that they were provoked by foreign (Western) secret services; nonetheless this became the official line of the government for years to come.[11]
Soon the ideologues realized that they had lost the support of the Soviet Union, and the regime turned to conciliation by announced wage rises and other reforms. Realizing the need for a change in leadership, the Polish communists chose a new leader, Władysław Gomułka, who was considered a moderate; this transition is known as Polish October (or Gomułka thaw). In spite of this, the communist authorities censored all information on the Poznań events for a quarter of a century.[12]
Historians were denied source materials for research, and the campaign was effective in eliminating any mention of the events of June 1956 from publicly available sources. Persecution of the most active participants would be carried out for many years. The memory of the events was however preserved by the participants and members of opposition. After the Gdańsk Agreement in 1980, the Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" as one of its first actions decided to raise a monument in the memory of the Poznań June 1956 events.[12]
Many historians consider the Poznań 1956 protests to be an important milestone in modern history of Poland, and one of the events that precipitated the fall of communism in Poland. Nonetheless it should be noted that the protests of 1956 were not motivated by anti-communist ideology; the workers' demands were mostly of an economic nature, centering around better work conditions rather than any political objectives. The workers sang "The Internationale" and their banners read "We demand bread." It was the government's consistent failure to fulfil the first demand which eventually led to the demands for political change, but even during the history of Solidarity few demanded wide political reforms.[13][10]
On June 21, 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the events, the Polish Sejm declared June 28 to be a national holiday in Poland; the Day of Remembrance of the Poznań June 1956.[14]
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